Aiming for longevity and profitability with healthy cows

Dairy farming is not just about producing milk; it's a delicate balance of science, genetics, management, and economics. During EAAP in Lyon, Dr. Jose Santos shares the insights from a well-managed dairy cattle farm. The central question revolves around achieving the highly efficient cow with a minimal carbon footprint while maximizing profitability for the industry. As we highlight some of the answers based on data insights, we'll reveal the most important factors that influence the life and productivity of dairy cows in the United States.

In Europe, the pursuit of a cow that produces minimal CO2 equivalents per kilogram of milk, has sparked interest. The dream is to have healthy cows that maintain longevity while producing substantial amounts of milk. However, it's essential to set realistic expectations. Contrary to the European ideal, the United States primarily sees cows living through three lactations. This article provides a snapshot of the average U.S. dairy cow, who yields around 12,000 kilograms of milk annually. We explore the factors that contribute to these numbers, from genetics to management practices, as we navigate the evolving landscape of dairy farming.

The quest for longevity in dairy cows involves more than just genetics. It requires a holistic approach, from calf care to heifer management and beyond. For instance, research shows that if heifers and calves receive proper care, they are more likely to lead longer, productive lives. On the farm, management practices play a pivotal role in minimizing disease and mortality rates. We examined real-world data from a well-managed California dairy farm that shed light on the intricate balance of cow care, reproductive strategies, and culling decisions. It becomes clear that the key to longevity lies in both genetic selection and farm management practices.

What sets apart the top-performing healthy dairy herds from the rest? Fertility rates hold a critical clue. Metrics like the 21-day cycle pregnancy rate and insemination rates show the best farms consistently achieve high conception rates (see Figure 1). It becomes evident that these farms prioritize proper synchronization of oestrus detection techniques, depending on their specific circumstances. Additionally, they emphasize employee involvement and dedication to maintaining the highest standards of cow care. These factors collectively contribute to more extended, productive and healthy cows, ensuring that the industry remains sustainable and profitable.

The quest for optimal reproduction and health has been a long-standing challenge for farmers and researchers alike. While various approaches have been explored to improve fertility and overall well-being in dairy herds, the role of nutrition in achieving these goals cannot be underestimated. Let's look into the significance of nutritional tools as a means to enhance fertility in dairy cows and the importance of considering non-nutritional factors in this context, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive reproductive management approach.

When it comes to improving dairy cow fertility, it's important to note that there is no single magic bullet. Instead, a combination of strategies and a deep understanding of cow physiology are essential. One critical aspect of nutrition in this context is managing the mobilization of body tissue after calving. While cows are naturally adapted to mobilize tissue, there is a cost associated with reproduction. To mitigate this, it is crucial to ensure that cows have a moderate to low body condition score (BCS). Simply put, if a cow does not have excess fat to lose, it won't mobilize fat, making this a fundamental but often overlooked concept.

BCS, a common practice among dairy farmers, helps in assessing a cow's condition and reproductive potential. Cows are categorized based on the space between their tailhead and hip bone, with different categories indicating their level of body fat. Ideally, cows should fall into the 'V' category or, at most, the 'U' category with minimal tailhead or sacral ligament cover. Cows in the '3' category or higher may put some mobilized fatty acids into milk fat, but their reproduction may suffer due to delayed timing. The biggest challenge lies with heifers, as over-conditioning can be common, especially when aiming for adequate body weight and improved reproduction.

Research has shown that about 25-30% of the variability in body condition score at dry-off remains unexplained. However, 50% of it is attributed to how quickly a cow becomes pregnant after calving. Therefore, it is evident that maintaining the right body condition score and promptly achieving pregnancy are crucial factors in improving reproduction rates in dairy cows.

Apart from managing body condition, formulating diets that reduce the risk of disease is crucial for fertility improvement. Disease can have disastrous consequences for fertility, making disease prevention a top priority. Reducing mineral-related disorders, minimizing displaced abomasum, and implementing a program to minimize fresh cow mastitis are all essential components of sound cow management practices.

In addition to disease prevention, supplementing specific nutrients has shown positive effects on reproduction. Not all nutrients are created equal,with strong data, backed by research involving sufficient numbers of cows. There are a number of supplements that can improve reproduction. This approach goes beyond wishy-washy recommendations and relies on evidence-based strategies. Among these, supplementing fatty acids to the diet stands out, albeit with some challenges related to milk fat content.

In the quest for improved dairy cow reproduction and health, it is evident that nutrition plays an important role. Managing body condition through proper body condition scoring and getting animals pregnant in time are fundamental aspects of this journey. Additionally, addressing disease prevention and supplementing key nutrients can significantly contribute to enhanced fertility and overall cow well-being.

Ultimately, there is no one-size-fits-all approach, and each dairy operation may need to tailor its strategies based on specific conditions and goals. However, by considering the nutritional tools and non-nutritional factors discussed in this article, farmers can take substantial steps toward achieving their desired reproductive outcomes and maintaining a healthy cattle herd. In the dynamic world of dairy farming, a comprehensive approach that combines science and practicality is key to success.

Dairy cow farming is a complex process, where science, management, genetics, and economics intertwine. Achieving the efficient cow with a minimal carbon footprint while maximizing longevity and profitability is a multifaceted challenge. By exploring real-world data and analyzing the practices of top-performing farms, we gain valuable insights into improving efficiency in dairy farming. While genetics undoubtedly play a role, the magic lies in effective management, reproductive strategies, and a commitment to the well-being of the herd. As the industry continues to evolve, it's clear that a balanced approach is the key to ensuring the longevity and sustainability of this vital sector.